Macro-Scale Modeling Free Essays

So as to dissect the reaction of huge structures with complex design, full scale displaying approaches is desirable over spare computational time when running a reenactment. By and large, depending on old style overlay plate hypothesis, full scale demonstrating approach are available in most business limited component codes like Abaqus and LS-DYNA. To display a structure with anisotropic properties utilizing full scale approach, a few material boundaries in various ways are required, for example, solidness, Poisson’s proportions, qualities and harm boundaries. We will compose a custom exposition test on Full Scale Modeling or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Assurance of these boundaries are either from various test tests or the outcomes got from a meso-scale homogenization. Expectation of the successful properties of the material utilizing expository strategies have been inspected by Younes [123]. There are a few burdens of the full scale demonstrating approach which limit its application. Fundamentally, fiber design, for example, the undulation and intercrossing of fiber tows in the model is ignored in this methodology. Henceforth, point by point anxiety arrangement among the constituents and limited harm or disappointment can't be given. Despite the downsides, large scale approach can give productive worldwide reaction to the recreation of composites with various fiber engineering. This is especially apparent when the broke down structure is moderately enormous. Full scale material boundaries, for example, flexible and disappointment properties are significant so as to give an exact arrangement. Acquiring those boundary is dreary and expensive since great test support is required. Thusly, composite structure with less material boundaries like transversely isotropic unidirectional composite overlay is good for full scale displaying. Y. Shi et al [124] have utilized the full scale way to deal with foresee the effect harm of composite covers as intra-and between laminar splitting under low speed sway. Basic highlights of the model, for example, stress-based measures for harm inception, break mechanics strategies for harm advancement and Soutis shear stressâ€strain semi-exact equation to catch nonlinear shear conduct of the composite have been applied. A decent understanding between numerical outcomes and tentatively got bends of effect power and ingested vitality versus time have been accomplished. Plus, the proposed harm development model likewise ready to catch different harm instruments that happen after the effect. Large scale FE investigation of carbon fiber fortified composite plate have been directed by A. Riccio et. al [125] to foresee the harm beginning and advancement under low speed sway. Both between lamina (delaminations) and intra-lamina disappointment instruments were anticipated utilizing the strong components and Hashin’s disappointment rules separately. Besides, to improve the exactness of the outcome, a globalâ€local strategy was applied to refine the work in the effect zone. Correlations among numerical and trial results under various effect energies as far as worldwide effect boundaries, most extreme effect power, greatest effect uprooting are seen as in reasonable understanding. D. Feng et. al [126] analyzed the basic reaction and the disappointment instruments of the composite covers exposed to low-speed sway utilizing the large scale strategy in blend with the constitutive models for intralaminar and interlaminar harm modes. The consequences of numerical recreations were contrasted and trial information acquired by drop-weight sway testing and stereoscopic X-radiography. Both the auxiliary effect reaction and the significant harm systems over the scope of effect energies gave by the numerical FE model demonstrated a sensible decent concurrence with drop-weight sway testing information. H. Ullah et. al [127] directed the test characterisation and numerical recreations on the twisting conduct and harm in woven CFRP composite covers under semi static bowing. Two-dimensional full scale models are created and numerical outcomes demonstrated that harm inception and advancement forms in woven covers are in concurrence with test information. Yumin wan et. al [128] contemplated the mechanical properties and disappointment component of three-dimensional (3D) meshed composites exposed to compressive semi static and high strain rate loadings. Both meso-and large scale model coordinated with strain rate touchy elasto-plastic constitutive relationship and pliable and shear disappointment basis were created. Exploratory information was utilized to check the outcomes got from the two models and the outcomes are promising. A full scale model of woven composite has additionally been created by Xiao et. al [129] utilizing LS-DYNA to recreate the beginning and development of harm. Surprisingly, disappointment instruments under various sort of loadings including elastic, pressure and shear can be anticipated with this model In outline, despite the fact that the macroscale demonstrating approach is unable to anticipate the conduct of the fortification, grid or fiber-lattice interface, with its homogenization highlight, it can go about as a compelling first level generally arrangement in the displaying system particularly for sway recreation of an enormous scope structure. Forecast of detail neighborhood disappointment is just material for small scale and meso-scale model methodology. Also, higher scale model can abuse the compelling material properties got from the two strategies. To be brief, a far reaching assessment of material disappointment reactions can be accomplished through mix of small scale meso-large scale draws near Step by step instructions to refer to Macro-Scale Modeling, Papers

Method to Detect and Mitigate Data Breach in Mobile Devices - Samples

Question: Talk about the Method to Detect and Mitigate Data Breach in Mobile Devices. Answer: Presentation The recognition and relief of information breaks in cell phones isn't a simple assignment. Some propelled devices and strategies are required to use to dispose of this issue. Nonetheless, before start conversation about alleviation of information breaks, it is critical to examine about normally experienced information penetrates by clients and how they put sway on their cell phones. After examination, some fundamental information penetrates are discovered identified with cell phones, for example, Spyware, Mobile Botnets, Ad and Click Fraud, Dead Apps and IoT Malware. In next portions of this report I might want to concentrate on these information infringement in detail and furthermore feature strategies to determine this issue with writing audits (Hamblen, 2017). Basic Data Breaches in Mobile Devices Following is detail conversation about information fakes in cell phones: Spyware It is one of the defenseless information penetrates in cell phones. Spyware programming is utilized by programmers to get to corporate system, databases and PC frameworks. In addition, it is additionally used to discover approaches to taint cell phones. It is found by specialists that this product can be worked both on iOS and Android gadgets. Pegasus is a typical case of spyware that is utilized by digital lawbreakers to hack iPhone or iPad for collecting information (Doug Olenick et al., 2017). Versatile Botnets Today, new malware can possibly change over hosts of cell phones into botnet which is constrained by programmers and proprietor of cell phone doesn't have any information about this. This is extremely perilous that with no notification of portable client their information is taken by programmers. As indicated by investigation it is discovered that the main objective of botnets was Android gadgets (Porter, 2012). Around then, programmers utilized intermediary IP delivers to cover promotion clicks and to produce income from those snaps. After this information penetrate of botnets, some other information breaks were likewise discovered, for example, Hummingbad that contaminated in excess of 10 million Android based working frameworks. Under this assault, clients detail was gotten without information on them and offered to other people. Advertisement and Click Fraud It is additionally a destructive kind of information fakes that is led in cell phones and just as on different gadgets. This misrepresentation has gotten a matter of worry for each client since overwhelming misfortunes are experienced because of this powerless assault. It is an approach to get inside access of system of an association by programmers. By doing this, assailants send SMS phish to portable clients with a connection and record connection, when client taps on interface then a malevolent application consequently download into his versatile that can harm boot documents and database lives into that gadget. Besides, it is likewise conceivable that assailants can get to hold of cell phone without approval and can take login qualifications (Leitner, 2017). Dead Apps Dead Apps in cell phones have likewise become a fundamental worry of information fakes. It is fundamental for clients of cell phones to refresh and screen their portable applications consistently. On the off chance that those are applications are not, at this point upheld by Google or Apple stores at that point erase them. Programmers exploit dead applications to hurt your gadgets in any potential manner. That is the reason supporter organizations of these gadgets don't investigate rundown of applications that further require no updates since programmers will attempt to abuse these applications. In this manner, it will be better that clients keep themselves mindful about these worries. IoT Malware IoT malware information penetrate is identified with Internet of Things. There are numerous bundles of IoT malware have come into showcase that are putting impact on cell phones. Undoubtedly, IoT is association of cell phones and other media transmission gadgets. That is the reason it is for programmers to utilize IoT malware to assault on cell phones to satisfy their hacking purposes (The ChannelPro Network, 2017). Subsequently, above talked about ways are profoundly powerless that are utilized by digital aggressors to actualize information penetrating in cell phones. After this entire conversation, it is cleared that identification apparatuses of penetrating must be utilized appropriately both at engineers and clients premise. Before pushing ahead towards conversation of these techniques, writing audit is required to survey with respect to counteraction of cell phones from information penetrates. Writing Review about Mitigate Data Breaches in Mobile Devices As indicated by investigation, it is discovered that a few scientists like to actualize data security procedure to dispose of this issue of information breaks in cell phones. This security system will assist with using cell phones in a safe manner by giving attention to clients that what sort of instruments must be utilized to dispose of issue of information penetrates and how versatile can keep secure from obscure infection assaults (Wang, 2005). As indicated by Ernust and Young (2012), with the headway of innovations, dangers of its security and protection are additionally expanding step by step. Hence, without an appropriate arranging and system, the discovery and avoidance is unimaginable. Data security system assists with diminishing all dangers in regards to security and protection of information. The built up IS techniques comprises of anticipation, identification, reaction and compartmentalization and trickery (Sveen, 2009). The avoidance is the most well-known security techn ique for shielding data resources from infection assaults. Here firewall is the best case of counteraction which is in-worked in working frameworks for shielding PC frameworks and cell phones from outside assaults (Ahmad et. al. 2012). Next fundamental procedure of data security is recognition and its point is to recognize malevolent conduct of interruption or assaults on information. Here IDS for example Interruption Detection Systems are exceptionally liked to use by security specialists. These frameworks permit clients to perform consistent output of their gadgets to distinguish security inconsistencies (Cavusoglu et al. 2005). Reaction system is one of the viable IS techniques. As per Ahmad (2012), in the wake of identifying an assault, this system gives direction to clients in regards to execution of suitable security countermeasures (The ChannelPro Network, 2017). Both recognition and reaction techniques are comparing to one another on the grounds that without reaction there i s no significance of location. The vast majority of the reaction methodologies generally allude to recuperation and response. Moreover, separation methodology likewise assumes a significant job in location and alleviation of information penetrates. The principle of point of disconnection is to trap gatecrashers in a controlled zone of system of cell phones to evaluate their activities. This methodology is fundamentally known as double dealing system (Hu et al. 2011). From above conversation it is cleared that how data security procedure can be useful to keep up protection from information penetrates in cell phones and just as on other PC frameworks. That is the reason it will be better for clients of cell phones to concentrate on legitimate usage of these procedures to control issues of information cheats. Further, I might want to examine some usually utilized recognition and alleviation strategies for information breaks. Other than these security systems, these techniques are anything but difficult to utilize (Rouse, 2017). Strategies for identification of Data Breaches in Mobile Devices First fundamental strategy for identification and relief of information penetrates is utilization of hostile to infection. Against infection programming is effectively accessible on the web and can be downloaded into cell phones. Hostile to infection programming arrangement can possibly recognize and moderate malware from gadgets with a single tick. After setup of this product, antivirus begins sweep of entire framework, identifies bugs and gives ready messages to clients about fixing of bugs. In any case, it is essential for client to get progressed and incredible antivirus that can appropriately play out this activity (Wood, 2012). Next fundamental technique for alleviation of information breaks is utilization of encryption strategies. In the event that systems of cell phones will be encoded, at that point it will be hard for programmers to hack information from these systems that is sent and gotten by versatile clients. This strategy of encryption and unscrambling is known as cryptography (Cheng, Liu and Yao, 2017). It is an ensured method to determine issue of information breaks and there is necessity to utilize a decoding key to unscramble the information which isn't effectively open to clients. Besides, programming updates or fixes are additionally liked to use for location and moderation of information dangers. A working framework without security fixes and refreshes is viewed as feeble and programmers can undoubtedly control gadgets of clients and can get to data from databases. Previously, executing security patches, it is important to realize that security patches set aside some effort to actualize then it is important to get direction from senior specialists. Other than these above talked about strategies, ordinary updates of programming that are introduced on cell phones, are likewise required. These updates increment level of security in cell phones by making it all the more impressive against powerless assaults. It is obligation of clients to know about these customary updates. Next significant strategy for recognition and relief of information breaks in cell phones is to give appropriate information to clients about detail and security guidelines about cell phones. By doing this, clients will know about significant assaults and will make their framework increasingly secure. Also, by thinking about security gauges, clients will quantify security and protection of their gadgets and on the off chance that any difficult will happen, at that point they can make use apparatuses and procedures appropriately. Along these lines, by utilizing above examined programming arrangements, alleviation and location of information fakes both should be possible without any problem. While utilizing every one of these strategies, clients ought to have legitimate information about its usage, else they can take help of experts. Other than this, engineers ought to know about new kind of information breaks, infection assaults and ought to create propelled devices and procedures to determine this issue (Anderson, 2017).

How to Avoid Tax Identity Theft and Other Tax-Related Scams

How to Avoid Tax Identity Theft and Other Tax-Related Scams How to Avoid Tax Identity Theft and Other Tax-Related Scams How to Avoid Tax Identity Theft and Other Tax-Related ScamsSince its Tax Identity Theft Awareness Week, we figured this would be the perfect time to help you recognize the signs of a tax-related fraud or scam.Tax season isn’t any fun, to begin with. Even if you’ve got a big, fat refund to look forward to, the process of getting your taxes actually submitted is a headache-and-a-half. But there’s one way that tax season can get much, much worse than you ever imagined. Well give you a hint: Did you know that this week, January 28th-February 1st, has been designated Tax Identity Theft Awareness Week?Tax-related fraud and identity theft generally involve scammers stealing your personal information and using it to commit tax crimes. Oftentimes, theyll file taxes under your name and then collect your refund. Theyll even make up fake numbers to get a bigger returnâ€"leaving you on the hook if the IRS comes knocking.If you’ve fallen victim to tax-related fraud, you should immediately notify the authorities. This includes the IRS, the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, and your local police department. And if you haven’t yet been taken in by such a scam, here are the types of fraud you should be on the lookout for and the signs you’ll need to recognize in order to avoid them. Some scammers pose as IRS agents.Attorney Josh Wu is a tax partner at the law firm Clark Hill, and he’s no stranger to tax scams. “Many of the schemes we have encountered involve the IRS impersonator directing the taxpayer to immediately satisfy their “tax liability,” or face criminal arrest, by purchasing pre-paid gift cards and providing the gift card number and PIN to the impersonator,” he said.According to him, taxpayers themselves aren’t the only ones who have to be on the lookout for IRS impersonators: “The scams also target tax professionals, who are encouraged to provide client information to IRS impersonators in order to receive IRS correspondence o r reactive their IRS e-services account.”Here are three ways that scammers posing as IRS agents will try to contact their intended marks:Email:  Cybercriminals will send taxpayers an email that looks like its from the IRS. These quite realistic-seeming emails can fake thousands of people each year into sharing their personal information. Email-based scams like this are also known phishing.Over the phone: Cybercriminals will also call a persons cell phone or landline and pose as IRS agents. They might demand your personal information or simply tell you that you can pay your debt off immediately, using fear and pressure tactics to create a false sense of urgency.Fake in-person visits:  Sometimes, these scammers will even go directly to a victims house, posing as IRS agents. These IRL IRS scams often target unsuspecting senior citizens.If someone gets contacted by the IRS, they’re naturally going to be a little nervous. Don’t let those feelings trick you into handing over your se nsitive information to someone who isâ€"after allâ€"a complete stranger!How to avoid the fake IRS.One of the best ways to tell that an IRS agent is actually a scammer in disguise is by the method they use to contact you. Simply put:  The IRS will never contact you by email, text message, or over social media. If the IRS wants to get in touch with you, they will send you a letter through the mail. Any other mode of communication should be treated with maximum suspicion.Another way to tell they’re fake is by the way they ask for payment. To steer clear of scammers, Wu advised that you “decline to make payments to the IRS via gift cards, virtual currency, or pre-paid debit cards.“Watch for any callers that threaten immediate arrest by law enforcement if payment is not made,” he added.As for agentsâ€"or “agents”â€"who show up in person, make sure you ask for identification. Furthermore, while IRS agents do  occasionally make house calls, they will always send you a letter b eforehand.For advice on how to strengthen your logins and passwords for your tax filing systemâ€"which will help prevent a thief from stealing your personal informationâ€"check out our recent post on identity theft. When it comes to phony emails, he said that you should forward them to phishing@irs.gov.Watch out for fraudulent tax preparers.Fake IRS agents aren’t the only scammers you have to be wary of. Some of the other common types of tax-related scams involve fraudulent tax filers and scam tax preparers who will steal your refund.Sometimes these scams involve a phishing scheme where a fraudster sends someone a phony email claiming to be from their tax preparer and asks for their personal information to help them update that persons account.But sometimes the scammers are tax preparers themselves! According to tax professional Jai Kumar with Rapid Filing Services (@RapidTax), the following signs should tip you off that a tax preparer is trying to take advantage of you:“Prepare rs who promise larger refunds without a consultation.“Preparers who plan on depositing your refund into their bank account or taking a portion of it.“Your preparer does not offer IRS e-file. If you pay a tax preparer, and they file more than ten returns, they must file your return electronically.“Preparers who do not ask for records and receipts if you are itemizing or reporting expenses.“A preparer who goes against the IRS and claims you can use your last pay stub instead of your income statement.“A paid preparer who does not sign your return and does not include their PTIN.”“Beware of a tax preparer who charges extensive fees and has suspicious availability times,” he added, saying that they must be available even after you file your return.How to vet your tax preparer.“Luckily, the IRS provides a page called the Authorized IRS E-file Providers which will let you find valid companies,” said Kumar. “You will need to enter the company’s zip code, state,  and Provider Type. This will list authorized e-file companies and their locations.”He also provided the following list of qualifications that you should verify if you’re going to be using a CPA, EA, or any tax professional:“Proper Training: Tax preparers need this to grasp an understanding of intricate tax questions and circumstances.“Continuing Education: Your tax preparer is informed about ongoing tax debates and official tax laws such as federal tax codes, regulations, and state and local taxes because they are constantly being subject to change.“Professional License: Your enrolled tax agent, public accountant, or attorney has a valid license, PTIN, or certificate to prepare tax returns.”Any legitimate tax professional should be able to easily provide you with their credentials. If you start getting a whole bunch of excuses, you know you’re getting taken for a ride.Keep your money safe!On this blog, we write a lot about how people can protect their financial wellbeing. More often than not, this means advising people on how they can budget better, build their savings, and avoid predatory bad credit loans and no credit check loans (like payday loans and cash advances).But more and more, protecting your money means protecting your sensitive personal informationespecially when its online. All it takes is one fraudster cracking into your accounts or stealing your identity to endanger your financial future for years to come. To learn more about how you can protect yourself from fraud and identity theft, check out  these related posts and articles from OppLoans:10 Common Scams: How They Work and How to Avoid ThemShould You Freeze Your Credit?Dating App Dangers: 7 Tips to Avoid Getting Scammed by a Fake RomanceBeware These Scams That Target SeniorsHave you ever encountered a tax-related scam?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsJai Kumar is  Marketing Manager at  Rapid Filing Services (@RapidTax), an online tax preparation company. They file current and prior year tax returns for thousands of people every year while providing them with free high-quality customer  service.Josh Wu is a partner in the tax group at  Clark Hill, a national law firm with more than 650 attorneys with 25 offices in 12 states, the District of Columbia, Ireland, and Mexico. He advises businesses and high-net-worth individuals on all aspects of federal tax law. He has particular experience with complex IRS audits, administrative appeals, civil tax litigation, offshore trusts and assets, and multijurisdictional investigations.

Creator and Victims Martin Luther King Jr. and Aron...

People make choices in life either good or bad to succeed or to be a failure. Today I will be explaining the differences between a creator and victim some things you should know about the two. A creator is a person who leads not follow. A person who wants to take their dream to turn it into a reality and that can change the world. Victims do more of the opposite. Victims make bad choices that can get them into a lot of trouble that can lead there career goals going downhill. Victim also fails to understand the word trying and I can. Victims are quick to give up on life and other goals they had and lean on the negative side and make the wrong decisions. In this essay I will give you examples of a creator and victim also a peak of my mindset†¦show more content†¦Every weekend Hernandez was hitting clubs with the wrong crowd not being responsible towards his NFL career and violating the rules in the book throughout the offseason. Taking illegal drug substance like everything wa s good and not being responsible about his career. Hernandez fell victim because of spending money on girls at the clubs and hanging around old childhood friends that wasn’t such creators in life. He was a big face to the National Football league so it comes to mind why he was doing all the wrong things out in the open to mess his name up and the bold print of the National Football League? To be a creator in life my mindset is focus on making sure I’m on time and organized for my day. Every morning when I wake up I remind myself about staying focus on my goals and playing the creator role to be successful in life. First, I make sure I wake up an hour and thirty minutes early before class to get myself organized before I leave the house. Afterwards, I take a normally routine shower to support my hygiene so I don’t be stinking in public I always try to sell myself the best I can. Then during the extra thirty minutes before class I drive to a local food restaurant for breakfast to make sure I have the right nutrition in my system before class so I don’t be moody just ready to learn. My attentions in my English 111 class are to pass the class with an A

War Has No Limits Of War - 1724 Words

The Japanese s mouth glowed with huge gold-crowned teeth, and his captor wanted them. He put the point of his kabar [combat knife] on the base of a tooth and hit the handle with the palm of his hand. Because the Japanese was kicking his feet and thrashing about, the knife point glanced off the tooth and sank deeply into the victim s mouth. The Marine cursed him and with a slash cut his cheeks open to each ear. He put his foot on the sufferer s lower jaw and tried again. Blood poured out of the soldier s mouth. He made a gurgling noise and thrashed wildly. I shouted, â€Å"Put the man out of his misery.† All I got for an answer was a cussing out. Another Marine ran up, put a bullet in the enemy soldier s brain, and ended his agony. The†¦show more content†¦Society is completely unaware of the blood, gore, and true horrors that war brings leading them to become desensitized and accepting of war. Military advancements have shaped how war is fought today. Now that war can be fought by bombing enemies with drones thousands of miles away, face-to-face combat is not as present as before making war seem less gruesome to society. â€Å"World War II is considered to have been the largest and deadliest war in world history, killing 62 million people on the battlefield, in massive bombings of civilians in cities, and by genocide† (World War II 147). Many people believe that war only involves the soldiers fighting in the front-line. The harsh reality that society seems to dismiss is that thousands of innocent people have died because of war. â€Å"In World War II cities became the prime military targets of air and ground campaigns† (Roger W. Lotchin). World War II had been going on long enough and the United States had already lost thousands of lives (America at War: The War Ends in the Pacific). To avoid losing any more men and ending the war the United States decided to make the Atomic Bomb (America at War: The War Ends in the Pacific). †Å"Approved by Roosevelt, scientists working under military direction had devised a devastating bomb based on atomic fission† (Elbridge Colby). The goal of the Atomic Bomb was to get Japan to

The nuclear family is disintegrating Free Essays

string(41) " that its disintegration was inevitable\." Introduction The nuclear family has been described as an artificial construct of the nuclear age by some people. These people give more credit to the more traditional extended family. (Uzoka, 1979) However, in the present age, all the talks about family disintegration are directed to the nuclear family. We will write a custom essay sample on The nuclear family is disintegrating or any similar topic only for you Order Now The term nuclear family was instituted in the western world for the purposes of distinguishing the various family groups that are in existence. (Gottlieb, 1993)   There is a family group which consists of children and their parents that is, father, mother and children. This is what is referred to as the nuclear family. Then there is a different family structure composed of father, mother, children and relatives. This kind of a family structure is referred to as the extended family. (Bernardes, 1999) Nuclear family structures are not so new. They have been present since time immemorial even though the structures did not have a definite name. The term Nuclear family was coined in 1947 according to Merriam-Webster. Webster suggested that the term must have come up due to the ever changing nature of the industrial age. He thought that the evolution of the name was coincidental and that it did not come as a result of the nuclear age. Is the Nuclear family an artificial construct which has no benefit to an individual?   Originally, the nuclear family was referred to as the immediate family. (Uzoka, 1979) According to research carried out, the term nuclear was coined from ‘nucleus’ which has been known to serve as theoretical root word meaning a centre of a large structure. It has also been said that historically, the nuclear family did not have the dominance that it has been accorded in the nuclear age. Post WWII environment has been implicated for enhancing the dominance of the nuclear family by shifting the family structure. It is important to carry out a study of how sociological factors have played a role in the disintegration of the nuclear family. (Chester, 1986) Disintegration of the Nuclear family A lot of people have been affected by the breakdown of the nuclear family structure. This issue has made many people upset as it has been a source of problems and destructions to majority of people in the nuclear age. The nuclear family is the smallest possible unit that is considered before any breakdown in a family structured is considered. (Uzoka, 1979).   The nuclear family is not something artificial and it should be considered as anyone’s most vital and first social group. The nuclear family is a natural structure found in any social group whether big or small. (Gottlieb, 1993) An American anthropologist G.P. Murdock was the first sociologist to attest the Nuclear family as a social structure in 1949. (Murdock, 1949). According to many sociologists, the family nucleus found in the new transitory nature of American Society in the 1940s was described as a grounding unit that could easily be picked up and transplanted. Nuclear family disintegration has not only affected the American society, this issue has had a huge blow on most countries in the world. Sociological pressures have been implicated to play a major role in the disintegration. A lot of people try to diminish the anguish that comes as a result of disintegration in the nuclear family by instigating that this structure replaced the disintegrated extended family. The only cause of concern is whether the structure which will replace the nuclear family will be better or worse than it. (Taylor, 1997). Therefore, the contemporary society should be prepared of the sociological effects that the new family unit will bring with it. (Chester, 1986) Sociological Theories on Nuclear family disintegration The nuclear family has deeply been analyzed since the early nineteenth century with respect to various disciplines which include: Psychiatry, Cultural, Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology. Family Sociology can be attributed to have played a huge role in carrying out studies on family change since the twentieth Century. Parsons’ theory had the most influential power on the family structure at the time. (Parsons, 1955). There are various theories that have been put forward to explain disintegration in the nuclear family and emphasize on the adaptive elements that the family structure has to undergo. Many Western sociologist interchange the term ‘family’ with ‘nuclear family’. (Gottlieb, 1993) The disintegration of the nuclear family has led to the emergence of one-parent families which include: widowed, adoptive, divorced, unmarried people and also same sex families. Because these groups sought to be recognized as a family unit, a sociologist known as Popenoe in 1988 revised the definition of a family to incorporate the groups. He played a part in influencing a debate on the definition of a family. He suggested that a family should also describe: Any group consisting of one adult and one dependent person People married who are of the same sex. A couple which is not married. (Solly, 2006) The definition of a nuclear family has to include its functions as a social institution. (Taylor, 1997).   According to Murdock, the functions of this social institution include: economic, reproductive, sexual and educational. With the new science of sociology, analysis of the disintegration of the nuclear family became possible. Auguste Comte who was thought by many to be the father of sociology thought disintegration of the nuclear family came as result of French revolution. (Murdock, 1949). Auguste attributes the rejection of aristocratic and hierarchical relations between the common people and the aristocracy as the main cause of family dysfunctions. His theory of attributing social changes to nuclear family disintegration and crisis has become a major subject in family sociology. Frederic Le Play who was the founder of empirical family sociology perceived the breakdown of the nuclear family as a result of industrial revolution. His sociological theory describes the stem family as being stronger than the Nuclear family which was separated from stem family and suffer red both physically and financially. He concluded by saying that the nuclear family is very unstable and that its disintegration was inevitable. You read "The nuclear family is disintegrating" in category "Essay examples" (Taylor, 1997). According to Popenoe, the breakdown of the nuclear family could have been caused by Promiscuity in the society which made paternity issues difficult to establish. However, other sociologists like Howard and Westermarck found no clear evidence of promiscuity in early families. Marx and Engels influenced a major family theory in the nineteenth century. Marxist theory uses the economic determinism concept to explain how social power is determined by the available economic resources which influences the different kinds of struggle present in the various classes of people. (Parsons, 1955). The patriarchal family which had the father as having the right to private property and authority overshadowed the matriarchal system. The dissolution of capitalistic system led to the liberation of women which saw to it that they also had the ability to acquire and possess wealth. The result was the formation of strong feminist theories regarding gender differences in power that has contributed to the many divorces in the society. Women now have the ability to take care of their own children without the presence of a male figure in the house. This has largely contributed to disintegration of the nuclear family.  Sociological factors are thought to have been the cause of nuclear family disintegrations in Western countries like Canada, Northern Europe and United States. (Solly, 2006) The interactionist theory developed by Ralph Linton focuses on the interactions that occur between family members. Any nuclear family can be studied as a unit of interacting personalities. In the course of carrying out research on the interaction theory, the power in family roles was also studied. This theory explains that the disintegration of the nuclear family could have resulted from bad interactions within the family. For instance, a husband could exercise too much power in the family likely to send his wife away. (Taylor, 1997). A lot of controversy has resulted due to industrialization with women fighting for change of roles within a family setting. Although this move on the part of the women seems to be right, it has been established that single-parent families are not the best. Juvenile delinquency has risen due to the disintegrations in the nuclear family. The absence of the father figure and the ability to spend less time at home, transform children into delinquents. Industrialization has also led to many people dying due to accidents on roads, and places of work. This has increased the number of widowed people hence the nuclear family disintegration. (Patrick, 1995) The Social Darwin’s evolutionary theory has been applied to the family setting. The theory talks about the adaptation of organisms into their natural environments. The family has been compared to an organism which has to adapt to its natural environment if it is to survive from breaking up. Using this theory, Henry Morgan tried to explain the evolutionary development of family through six stages. The first one being the matriarchal stage characterized by promiscuity while the last being the monogamous family. The nuclear family has not been able to adapt to the increased industrialization, civilization and urbanization. There are many challenges that the nuclear family is frequently exposed to. For instance, industrialization and civilization have influenced the roles played by parents in the nuclear family. As a result, disputes have occurred leading to the disintegration of the nuclear family. (Eby, 1995) Morgan in trying to fathom this theory decided that since evolution results in higher development of species, then environmental and social evolution could result in higher development of the family. Extended family evolved to form nuclear family and it is hoped that evolution will lead to the disintegration and evolution of the nuclear family to come up with a unit that will be able to adapt to the current environment. Civilized nations such as North America and Europe have recorded the highest nuclear family disintegrations due to the extensive industrialization present in the nations. Studies reveal that nations considered to be ‘primitive’ such as Africa, have most of their nuclear families still intact. Spencer, who is Pro- Social Darwinism, has attempted to explain the evolution of the family from simple to complex forms. However his explanations were not in line with Engels, Marx and Le Play family sociologists who described the family to be evolving from more complex forms such as the extended family to simpler forms like the nuclear family. If the theory holds, then it is expected that the nuclear family will further disintegrate and evolve into a simpler form. (Betty, 1973)  Structural-functionalism concept was put across by Spencer in trying to explain family theory of change. This theory or concept was further supported by Durkheim and it was seen to form a basis of Parsons’ theory of family change. This theory attributed the changes in the family structure to be as a result of changes in the society. The family was seen as a part of a greater whole which established equilibrium when it was properly combined to other relevant units. When a change occurred in one of the units, then it was transferred to the other parts. It was then decided that changes in the society could have a greater impact on the family as compared to the biological and economic factors in the Social Darwinism and Marxist theory. Durkheim found out that the change in the family structure influenced the relationships between parents and their children. In that the relationship ceases to be based on economic or material needs but on personal motives. In the changing society, women are very liberated that they do not need financial assistance from their partners. The nuclear family is disintegrating and this is shown by the great number of reported divorces and separations in the society. (Betty, 1973) The evolutionary theory was not accepted by many cultural anthropologists as it did not incorporate variations present in many family types due to different cultural contexts in the society. Instead they came up with cultural relativism concept which they thought should be employed in the study of the family evolution. They did not think that it was right to consider other cultures to be more superior or civilized than others. Thy made it clear that each society has unique values and culture which should not be compared with another. This theory was dismissed all together by the end of the nineteenth century. However, the theory popped up again in 1930 in a different form as Ecological Anthropology. This theory emphasized on the relationship that exists between the environment and traits of a particular culture. The nuclear family is rapidly disintegrating due to the changes in the environment in terms of industrialization and urbanization. (Eby, 1995) Conclusion The nuclear family is the first social group that one has to belong to. Due to the changes and developments that are taking place in the society, the stability of this family structure has been questioned. (Bernardes, 1999)  Industrialization and urbanization have been the reasons behind the emergence of other family structures caused by the breakdown of the nuclear family. There have been many cases of familial dysfunction and disintegration reported in more industrialized nations than in ‘primitive’ nations which prove the social Darwinism theory. (Eby, 1995)   According to Marx, family structures are bound to change from being complex to simple forms. Therefore, it is expected that the nuclear family will further disintegrate to form simple family structures such as single-parent families, divorces, widowers, and single people unmarried people. (Betty, 1973) References Bernardes, J. (1999): We must now define The Family. Marriage and Family Review 28(3/4):21–41. Chester, R. (1986): The Myth of the Disappearing Nuclear Family. In Family Portraits, ed. D., Short Run Press, Ltd.UK Gottlieb, B. (1993): The Family in the Western World. New York: Oxford. Murdock, G. P. (1949): Social Structure. New York. Macmillan. Parsons, T. (1955): The American Family. Its Relations to Personality and the Social Structure. In Family Socialization and Interaction Process, ed. Free Press. New York Uzoka, A. (1979): The Myth of the Nuclear Family. Historical Background and Clinical Implications. American Psychologist 34. Pp1095–1106. Peplau Taylor, (1997): Sociocultural perspectives in social psychology. Guide to sociocultural resources in social psychology. Melbourne press. New York Betty Y. (1973): Extinction. Revised ed. of The Changing Family. Columbia University press. New York   Solly D. (2006): The family on the threshold of the 21st century. Trends and Implications. Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Eby, L. (1995): Where’s Daddy: Nearly Half the Nation’s Children Are Growing Up In Homes Without Fathers. Prentice press. New York. Fagan Patrick F. (1995): The Real Root Causes of Violent Crimes. The Breakdown of Marriage, Family and Community Cultural Studies Project. The Heritage Foundation. Washington, D.C. No. 1026. How to cite The nuclear family is disintegrating, Essay examples

Language Rules for a Reliable Semantic Memory

Memory can be broadly classified into three; semantic memory basically associated with factual knowledge, procedural memory which takes care of learning and acquisition of skills and episodic memory which is in charge of recalling past events. The paper offers an explanation of the nature and functions of language, an examination of the stages of language production and the relationship between semantic memory and language production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Language Rules for a Reliable Semantic Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nature and Functions of Semantic Memory Semantic knowledge as described is primarily concerned with facts. Communication through language is made possible through this memory. It is usually characterized by the brain storing information about words. According to Schacter (2001), the appearance and representation of these words is of importance as far as semantic memory is c oncerned. It is usually a funny scenario to see a person trying to recall a name James by mentioning John or Jack and not Moses. Semantic memory has been found to group words that share the same letters. The appearance of an object cannot evade the mind of a person once the name of the object is mentioned (Schacter, 2001). A mere mention of an object brings about a coordinated response by the brain and a person is able to figure out the appearance of the mentioned object. A long-term memory system is achieved once words recorded in the semantic memory are used to generate episodic memory. Functions of language Language forms a major component in the effective functioning of semantic memory (Robinson-Riegler Robinson-Riegler, 2008). It is therefore important to understand the various functions of language in order to fully appreciate its role as a memory tool. Basically, three functions are significant and shall be discussed in detail. The informative language function serves to c ommunicate effective information. Logic is of importance due to the fact that sentences are based on a true or false platform. Expressive language function is important because feelings and emotions are evoked and expressed. It is through poetry and literature that a speaker is able to air out his/her feelings and a reader consequently understands the circumstances that prompted the generation of such works (Schacter, 2001). Fiction may also find itself a place in this language function. Directive language function plays a crucial role in causing or preventing an action. It is usually not based on a true or false platform but a logical precision is required. A statement like â€Å"Your airtime is getting low† implies that you are supposed to recharge your cell-phone to continue enjoying calling services.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other language functions include; cerem onial functions which find their place in weddings and court sessions. Performative utterances employ the use of verbs and are important in ensuring that an action is taken thereafter. Phatic language is used mainly to bring about emphasis on the intended subject. It may be accompanied with head nod, a hand wave or even a gesture. It is important to ensure that the context of a statement is understood in order to relate it to the intended language function. A statement like â€Å"My bedroom is hot† can be informative (based on observation), expressive (to communicate one’s feelings then) or directive (to ensure that all windows remain open). Development of Language Language develops just as children do. The development is based on four pillars namely; conceptualization, planning, articulation and self-monitoring (Robinson-Riegler Robinson-Riegler, 2008).Conceptualization, according to Robinson-Riegler and Robinson-Riegler, is the one’s ability to understand wh at he/she wants to say. It can also be termed as the pre-production stage because silence dominates. Planning stage involves putting all that is to be communicated in a systematic way. All ideas that one feels that should be part of the speech are clearly stipulated. Articulation ensures that the correct arrangement of words is ensured. It is obvious that in the word â€Å"chair† the syllable â€Å"cha† precedes the other. It is at this stage that the actual speech emerges. Self-monitoring is usually a post-development stage. It is at this stage that a person is able to know whether fluency has indeed been achieved. Whether a person is at the intermediate or advanced stages of fluency depends on the levels of self monitoring as well as the action taken thereof. The Relationship between Language and Semantic Memory The relationship between language and semantic memory is important. The ability to correctly retrieve information may at times depend upon one’s abi lity to apply proper phonology (Solomon, 2004). Phonological priming observed among the old and the young indicated that the olds’ word retrieval level deteriorated after reading first syllable primes. Spelling and the causes of error associated with it have in the past been used to evaluate the declines in language production processes. Recent studies have shown that the detection levels of spelling errors deteriorated with age (Ralph, 2000). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Language Rules for a Reliable Semantic Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The old especially those past 60 years old registered low detection levels as far as spelling errors are concerned. It is however funny to note that the low levels in spell detection did not have a negative impact on the ability to remember what was read. The more a person makes spelling mistakes, the more that person recalls the information. Conclusion S emantic memory usually determines one’s ability to gather knowledge. Language is a key to effective acquisition of knowledge. The ease with which an aspect is understood plays a crucial role in the retrieval process by the brain. It is therefore important to ensure that language rules are adhered to for a reliable semantic memory to be in place. It can therefore be concluded that both memory and language are interrelated. The presence or absence of one affects the functionality of the other. References Ralph, M. (2000). The relationship between semantic memory and speech production. Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, USA Robinson-Riegler, G. Robinson-Riegler, B. (2008). Cognitive psychology: Applying the science of the mind (2nd ed). Boston, MA: Pearson/ Allyn and Bacon Schacter, D. L. (2001). The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Solomon, E. S. (2004). Semantic Amalgamation and Syntactic Development in Language Pr oduction. Elsevier Customer Service Department, OrlandoAdvertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Language Rules for a Reliable Semantic Memory was written and submitted by user M1guel to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Effects of High Price on Foods essay

buy custom Effects of High Price on Foods essay Introduction The importance of food to human beings health is quite unlimited especially healthy foods like vegetables and fruits. In addition to other foods like proteins and carbohydrates vegetables and fruits have a necessary value to human health as they provide vitamin C. These nutrients are vital to the human health as they protect them from several diseases like cancer, eyesight problems, and many more. This paper seeks to establish the main explanations as to why the cost of healthier foods such as fruits and vegetables keep increasing in the market. Prices of goods increase, and this increase occur due to various reasons, and that is what this paper seeks to determine. The firm increase in prices of all commodities has made it harder for people to choose foods that are healthier in the stores. An important aspect in trying to feed a family is ensuring that they have healthy and nutritious foods, and for this reason, the subject of increase in prices of food is a critical subject. People everywhere care about the subject and hence in this paper we are going to identify some of the reasons that lead to the increase of food prices. This paper aims at coming up with the reasons and explanation for the increase of food prices especially the healthy ones like fruits and vegetables. These explanations and reasons will be from various researches done by other concerned parties and recorded in secondary sources such as books. In research, information can be from primary or secondary sources. Primary sources of information involve first hand information obtained using interviews, questionnaires, and observation. Secondary information is from books, electronic database, and magazines among other records. In this paper, most of the information was from books. We now focus on the explanation that various economists and other people have come up as the reason for the increase in the cost of healthy foods. Supply and demand The first reason that most economists and researchers attribute to the increase of food prices especially the healthy ones like fruits and vegetables is their demand. One of the major rules in economics is that prices of commodities will always determine the demand and supply of these goods in the market. Fruits and vegetables are healthy foods whose demand is all through the year. Considering that these foods are seasonal and only grow in different parts of the country once a year, the vendors still need to stock the stores with these foods. This constant demand of fruits and vegetables imposes an economic strain on the on the suppliers. In return, the suppliers reflect these costs on the consumer. In comparison to other foods which are high in calories, fruits and vegetables tend to increase in costs depending on the season. During high season when their production is at its peak the prices will be relatively stable, but, when the season changes the prices go up. Their demand being constant and does not change with the season, the suppliers will increase their prices in order to cover up for the costs of bringing in stock from places where they are in season. This price fluctuation will be reflected in both domestic and international markets. When the fresh fruits and vegetables are not in season their supply decreases. Decrease in supply leads to an increase in prices of the foods. Therefore, supply and demand of fruits and vegetables significantly affects their prices. Climatic issues There have been many significant factors which influence the quantity of fruits and fresh vegetables and global warming is one of them. This has had negative climatic effects that have damaged the production of these foods thereby reducing their supply. Acceleration of prices comes as a result ofthe rising pressure on farm food production. The reduction in yields are due to global warming, which is being damage by contamination of the atmosphere; the quality has reduced by 60 percent according to ADB (2008) the countries yield has declined due to poor climatic conditions. The issue of free of greenhouse gas emission is rising the earths temperature whereby the consequences usually follows on melting glaciers, more precipitation, and fundamentally change in seasons of production. The accelerating pace of climate change, combined with the general public and income growth, threatens food security worldwide. Agriculture, which is in direct connection to the production of fruits and vegetables, is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Higher temperatures reduce the yields of this produce as the temperatures provide a chance for pests and weed proliferation. Differences in precipitation patterns increase the chances of short-run crop shortages and long-run production reduces. Although there will be an increase in some crops in some parts of the world, the overall effects of climate change on expected of agriculture to be negative, threatening global food security. Climate change is also putting pressure on water supplies for agricultural production of vegetables and fruits, changing stream flows, and its availability. Water is becoming difficult to obtain: therefore, expensive global demand for water has tripled in the last few years and limited use ground water supplies in the USA. The impact of climatic change has adversely impact on productivity of vegetables production and causes disruption both in the long term and short term. This impact is evident in the low supply of these foods in areas where the production was quite high. Energy costs Another reason for the increase in the prices of healthy foods is the cost the producers and vendors incur to bring these foods to the market or stores. Healthy foods comprise of fruits and vegetables and these are perishable and seasonal goods. The first cost that one incurs while dealing with foods is the transport cost. The transportation of these fruits and vegetables ends up reflecting in the overall cost. This transportation can be from overseas as these foods are not locally available. Most of the fruits are imports from other countries and transportation will involve means like shipping, air transport, and railway transport. Most of these means of transport are extraordinarily expensive, but, they are the most appropriate ones. For example, the transportation of some fruits from other nations using the shipping means of transport can be expensive as it requires the refrigeration of the goods. These refrigeration equipments are expensive, and the transporters are the ones incu rring the cost. Transport involves the use of fuel in all means that are in use for example, shipping, air travel, road etc. Energy costs affect all level of the food production sector. In contemporary records oil prices, in excess, has increased from $110 per barrel and which has cost throughout the marketing chain. High petroleum prices increase the competitiveness in food production especially in vegetable and fruits production. Post harvest loss Post harvest loss is another significant explanation to the increase in of prices of healthy foods. Post harvest loss refers to the loss of the produce after its harvesting. This happens mostly to agriculture products, and the healthy foods in focus are agricultural products. During harvesting, losses occur in different ways. First the fruits can be harvested when they are already ripe and, therefore, need expert storage before they get to the market. This is normally hard to the farmers as they lack the storage facilities. In turn, they experience several losses of the products and this lose is normally incurred by consumers of the produce. Another harvesting loss occurs when the produce are affected by diseases and pests. Fungi and bacteria are diseases, which cause these losses of fruits and vegetables and so are the virus diseases, common in growing crops. It is characterized by severe presence of holes makes which makes infected, fruit to be unusable. This is often the result of inflammation of fruits and vegetables in the field before harvest. Quality thrashing occurs when the infection affects only the top of the fruits. Also, skin blemishes may reduce the sale cost but do not make the fruit bad, and inedible products. Fungal and bacterial diseases spread by tiny spores, which distribute in the air and earth and via decaying plant material. Infection after consequence can occur at any instance. It is usually the result of harvesting or handling injuries. These post harvest losses expenses are reflected in the selling price of the produce which is normally high. Post harvest loss has been a serious problem which comes because of various reasons, varying from growing conditions to handling at the retail level. Not only are these losses a waste, they sometimes constitute a homogeneous abuse of human efforts, livelihoods, scarce resource such as water, and investments. Fruits and fresh vegetables hold a high proportion of water. Loss of water content after harvesting by fruits and vegetables usually cause shrinkage and loss of appeal for the agricultural products. The rate at which they lose water, fruits mainly depend on leafy vegetables, which prevent water quickly because they have thin skin pores. The rate of loss relates to the difference between the water vapor pressure inside the fruits and vegetables and in the air. But whatever the outcome, to promote food or storage account the cost of water trouncing must be minimal. The most noteworthy feature is the ratio of the outside area of the fruit or vegetable to its volume. Early harvesting of fruits and vegetables normally occurs so as to avoid extra costs on transportation. Transporting fully ripe produce leads to extra costs as it will require considerable storage facilities to keep the harvest fresh and consumable. In addition, transportation of ripe products leads to the production of extremely dangerous chemicals that are harmful to the consumer. Structural change The change in market structure of these foods is yet another reason for the increase of prices. The process of market structure and formation involve processing, handling, and distribution of the produce. These processes have led to the increase prices as the elements of these processes keep fluctuating. This mainly affects spending expense on commodities in the market, and this factor contributes to high price level in USA. For instance, the process of manufacturing keeps changing because of the constant change in technology. The manufacturing equipments keep on improving, and this equally reflects on the manufacturing cost. The increase in manufacturing cost in turn leads to the increase of prices of these commodities. Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that the increase in the cost of healthy foods like fruits and fresh vegetables is as a result of several reasons. Among these reasons are the change in the market structure of the products, the demand and supply, climatic conditions, and energy costs. Together all these reasons lead to the high cost of healthy foods that consumers have to incur. There is no escaping these costs as health of families is of considerable importance to the American citizens, and no one is ready to risk their families. Most Americans citizens will prefer incurring high expenses of food than incurring the medical expenses. Buy custom Effects of High Price on Foods essay

Alliteration

Alliteration Alliteration Alliteration By Simon Kewin A couple of previous Daily Writing Tips posts looked at when to use rhyme in poetry and also at the various types of rhyme available to the poet. Rhyme, however, is only one of the techniques employed in poetry to make its language special. Another basic one is alliteration. Alliteration is defined by the Compact Oxford Dictionary as : The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. For example, these lines are from Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner : Water, water, everywhere, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink. Here, the w sounds in the first and third lines alliterate, as do the d sounds of â€Å"drop† and â€Å"drink† in the fourth. Alliteration is just one technique employed by poets, who combine it as needed with rhyme, rhythm, imagery and so forth. It’s another way to give a poem structure, to mark out its language as special and musical. The ear will tend to pay special attention to alliterated syllables, and to hear a connection between them. It’s worth noting that in Old English or Anglo Saxon poetry, alliteration was the principal structural technique. There was no regular rhyme or rhythm – instead, poetry was (generally) written so that lines contained four stresses, the first three of which alliterated. There was no attempt to create end-rhymes or even to have lines of the same length. The following lines, for example, are from Beowulf (as translated by Seamus Heaney) : There was Shield Sheafson, scourge of many tribes, A wrecker of mead-benches, rampaging among foes. In the first line, three sh and s sounds are stressed and (loosely) alliterate (Shield/Sheafson/scourge). In the second line, it’s the m sounds (mead/rampaging/among). Two other related techniques to be aware of in relation to alliteration are assonance and consonance. Assonance is similar to alliteration except that it refers to repeated vowel-sounds rather than repeated consonant-sounds. For example, there is the repeated ur sound in this line from Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven : And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Consonance, finally, is very similar to alliteration. Strictly speaking, repeated consonant-sounds at the start of words are alliteration, and repeated consonant-sounds in the middle of words are consonance. Thus in the line â€Å"Water, water, everywhere†, Coleridge has used both alliteration and consonance. The next in this series of poetry-related posts, meanwhile, will look at metre. Stay tuned. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'ts"Certified" and "Certificated"1,462 Basic Plot Types

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Response - Essay Example Managing things is the most difficult task, which is exactly why there are so many management principles and guidelines. The most important quality which makes a successful manager is foreseeing risks involved. Failing to do so will lead to the entire failure of the project which no matter manager would want. So there are two ways to calculate risks involved namely qualitative and quantitative analysis. The importance of both has already been seen and it is concluded that qualitative analysis is far better than quantitative analysis; qualitative analysis should be carried by any manager before starting a new project to make sure that the various risks involved in the project are taken into equation and a good strategy is developed to deal with the same. It is also concluded that higher the risk, higher the efforts, which basically means that to deal with higher risks the management team has to put in more efforts to face the same. There are some people who believe that hiding the risk will take the risks out of the equation which is an extremely old concept, management has changed al lot these days and this concept has never worked in the favor of nay manager and it will never work in the favor of any manager in the future too. So this should never be practiced because it will only lead to failure. All the above statements point that it is not fair to say that qualitative risk analysis is better to sell to a manager, the same is proved with an example â€Å"There is a classical example. One large oil company performed a drilling of the well with total cost about $2M. Project schedule has been created based of analogs: drilling of similar wells in the similar geological conditions. At the middle of drilling the mud, required to this technological process, starts disappearing. Project engineers have tried different solutions. It delayed the project so significantly that total cost of the well has almost double d. Later on the

Influence of the Relationship between Politics and Religion in Western Research Paper

Influence of the Relationship between Politics and Religion in Western Civilization Conflicts - Research Paper Example Muslims believe in the holy war and observe the pilgrimage to Mecca which Christians neither believe in nor practice. During the Medieval period, both Christianity and Islam promulgated their religious beliefs and practices in territories where the majority existed. Christianity employed the use of missionaries whereas Islam employed offensive practices such as conquests, political rule and returning crusaders in spreading their faith (Spielvogel 238-243). 3. The expansion of trade The expansion of trade during the High Middle Ages resulted from developments in voyages of exploration by Vikings, growth of states, contacts with the Muslim world and the arrival of the Portuguese. Vikings exchanged goods as they sailed along trade centers in search of profit. The existence of various environmental zones and agricultural practices influenced trade to flourish. These resulted to the evolution of settlement as well as prosperity that in turn contributed to urbanization and the growth of st ates. In addition, contacts with Muslim merchants in the Trans Saharan trade involved the trade in kola nuts, gold, ivory, and slaves. The arrival of the Portuguese opened an outlet for West African manufactured products such as cloths. The utilization of Arab script and Muslim officials in complex bureaucracies remained as the impact of the expansion of trade on medieval society (Spielvogel 252-254). 5. The decline of papacy The papacy of the Roman Catholic Church had reached the peak of its power with the doctrine of temporal universal authority over secular rulers and fullness of power. However, the claims of temporal supremacy kept losing ground due to the growth of European secular monarchs. This created conflicts between papacy and the territorial states it never conquered.

Critical Reflection and Thinking on Clinical Supervision and Learning

Critical Reflection and Thinking on Clinical Supervision and Learning Introduction For the purpose of this essay the terms clinical supervisor and mentor will be used interchangeably as they are seen as essentially the same in this context. Classrooms and textbooks teach one to care for a patient whom many a time s/he will never really encounter as seldom is such a classic patient seen in reality. One ought to acknowledge that one needs to know the theory to be able to apply the practice when on the clinical area. The academic side of ones learning should not be underestimated by placing all the importance in the practical experiences one encounters. Nevertheless the intricacy of generating and putting ones knowledge into real life situations may only be understood through experiential practice. As Eraut (2009) stated learning in university does not provide the same learning contexts as the working environment. Nursing has historically acquired knowledge through various venues such as traditions, trial and error, research, intuition, role modelling and mentorship, reasoning and experience. Therefore experiential learning could well play an important part of the basis of genuine education if utilised and developed well. However as will be discussed in this assignment experiential learning alone at times is insufficient as a basis for education in the complexities of learning in practice, clinical supervisory roles and being a competent health professional. 1. learning in practice Eraut (2007) longitudinal study concluded that under the appropriate settings new recruits learned more on the job than through formal methods. There is a need for apt learning opportunities and a supportive environment to encourage and learning in the supervisee. The Experiential learning cycle described by Kolb (1984) integrates four elements: doing, reflecting, learning and applying that learning. The cycle then integrates four ways of knowing tacit knowledge which can be seen as the underpinning of doing in ones work. One knows automatically and continues to practice intuitively. Next is reflective knowledge which Mezirow (2000) describes as involving openly reflecting and critically reflecting on ones own practice. The last two are knowing that (propositional learning) which materializes from critical reflection and knowing how is the final segment of the Kolbs cycle where one finds competence. One may wonder whether the clinical workplace always enhances favourable conditions for experiential learning to present genuine education. 1.1 The Clinical workplace Glen (2009: pg 498) referring to the apprenticeship model that had been around since Florence Nightingale states that although the model entails structured supervision together with periods for reflection the outcome was more aimed at accomplishing the work tasks that on genuine reflection. The benefit of this model is that it provided newly qualified nurses that had achieved ample experience and seen as a skilful and experienced novice therefore one could see the basis of education from experiential learning in this model. However this model is no longer in use and may have been abandoned too early (Mc Cormack, Kitson, Harvey, Rycroft-Malone, Titchen and Seers 2001). Nowadays nurse education is run differently but one can still remember the concern in the hospital trained nurses when training for nurses went into university level. One of the main issues of concern was that nursing is a practice profession so why the need for extra knowledge to become a competent practitioner? Should nurses not be taught more in clinical practice and less in the classroom? Knowing and doing are not the same thing was voiced out many a time. This adds to the belief of many that learning in practice is the basis of education. The culture of the clinical practice will also have a vital influence on ones experiential learning outcome. The way things are done here (which could be in a positive or negative attitude) at either the clinical practitioners (individual) level or at the organisation level or both levels can effect ones successful end result (McCormack et al 2001). On the other hand numerous other factors such as, the organisation one works in, nurse shortages, working in high patient acuity, inadequate clinical facilities, patients having shorter lengths of stay, unwillingness by the nursing staff to provide clinical supervision and the a scarcity of nurses in the clinical area add to the challenge of obtaining genuine education through experience. Supervisees need to be armed with the necessary skills to analyse problems from varying perspectives. Experiential learning may present the basis of education if the right challenge is provided; that is within the level of the supervisees knowledge and therefore presenting a beneficial outcome. If not the experience may end up being overwhelming and rather than learning through reflecting on a situation it could result instead in utilising eventually ineffective coping methods. One has to exploit an experience through reflection in order to sort out, comprehend, give meaning and hence make appropriate and proactive use of it. Experiential learning thus needs to provide the possibility of developing reflective and other conveyable learning skills in order to promote the education supervisees need and to learn from the experience. 1.2 Critical reflection and thinking Hunt and Wainwright (1994, p.84) point out that: Regardless of the time spent in a particular area of practice, practices that are devoid of rationale for actions are purely task or procedure orientated and lack critical inquiry. Several authors have emphasized on the fact that reflection is requisite in bridging the theory and practice gap (Kolb, 1984, McCaugherty, 1992, Schà ¶n, 1987). Implementing theory into practice necessitates practitioners to critically reflect not only on ones own practice but also on the implications of ones interventions. The literature has moreover highlighted reflection as imperative when endeavouring to incorporate theory with practice (Meretoja, Eriksson Leino-Kilpi, 2002). Lisko and ODell (2010) acknowledged that nowadays working in such a complex clinical environment necessitates one to employ top notch critical thinking, they also add that to offer such experiences for one to learn from and to reflect on has become essential this can be achieved in the many different experiential learning opportunities one encounters. Therefore one notes that the nursing profession is inclining to acknowledge and encourage reflective practice and critical thinking and that it also offers education from experience for both supervisors and their supervisees. Baltimore (2004) highlights that since optimal patient outcomes will depend on nurses actions, nurses need to wholly comprehend a situation in order to critically think. Benner (1984) stresses that recording of practical experiences and reflecting on them is essential in the development and extension of theoretical knowledge. While Kolbs double knowledge theory (Kolb, 1984) depicts that one knows things by being able to do them in conjunction with thinking reflecting about them. One can perceive that it is accepted by the literature that reflection provides the opportunity to go over decisions taken and assess as well as evaluate ones learning in order to improve not only ones own practice but also whoever they supervise. Then again does one working climate with its time constraints enhance all this? Is it possible to perform reflective practice whenever needed (Westberg Jason, 2001)? Is reflection not a complex skill thats basis ought to be taught in the classroom too in order to be fulfilled in practice? Therefore can experiential learning alone provide the ability of how to reflect and even more critically reflect on ones experiences and ultimately gain knowledge from them? In cooperation with reflection comes along the need for feedback and coaching which are seen as important aspects in experiential learning while supervising; not only for the supervisee but also for the supervisor. 2. Clinical supervision Price (2004) highlights the reasons to why the role of a mentor has come into being, illuminating that the learners (supervisees) necessity to mature into a competent and confident qualified nurse and performing practice astuteness, good clinical skills, attitudes and clinical techniques are best acquired in the clinical practice environment. Being assigned to a clinical supervisor may provide the supervisee with opportunities that may not or cannot be portrayed in classrooms or textbooks. One may wonder about whether clinical supervisors have enough morale and positive attitudes left in them to want to carry on providing supervision in such hectic working environments and nurse shortages. Eraut et als (2007) study findings noted that designated mentors in nursing were either excellent in providing a sustenance or practically useless. Therefore is Deweys statement right in the latter situations? Will experiential learning provide competent practitioners in these situations? To become a good mentor/supervisor one reads tall lists about the characteristics required. Rowley (1999) offers a list of virtues a good mentor should hold including commitment towards mentoring and its values, acceptance of one mentees regardless of ones personal beliefs/likes/dislikes, effective teaching qualities, good communication skills with the capability to adapt to ones supervisees learning nature, and set the example of need to be a constant learner and being optimistic towards ones mentees/supervisees. Then Quinn (2007) describes the humanistic qualities necessary, such as understanding, being approachable, supportive and inclusive in addition to being positive towards learners and an excellent management approach to education values. Gray and Smith (2000) add a sense of humour to their list. Therefore one could conclude that the supervisor must consistently show high standards of personal conduct and an apt approach towards ones supervisees; with the belief that the supervisee will therefore take in and try to be like what they have seen as acceptable behaviour in the working place. However Gray and Smith (2000) study findings portray another long list of attitudes supervisors may display to their supervisees this time in the negative, to mention a few: delegating futile jobs, being of an unfriendly nature or worse still being unapproachable, showing lack of interest in their own job in addition towards the supervisee and even unpopular with the team they work within. Such supervisors certainly diminish the opportunity of transmitting education through experiential learning to any supervisee. Burnard (1998) had rightly pointed out that being under the wing of a qualified nurse does not necessarily equal to learning. Learning in practice may mean to some as just getting the job done and the issue of focusing on the learning needs of the student or new recruit are left in the shadow (Andrews Wallis, 1999) and therefore excluding the importance of applying and integrating ones knowledge (theory) to the clinical practice. Even worse, this hinders Deweys belief of experience being the basis of all education. Having the ability to organize the delivery of care in sync with ones teaching and assessing responsibilities, maybe a prerequisite for a supervisor/mentor however as one notices from the literature is no easy task. On the other hand one must keep in mind that just as the newcomers may feel unsafe to practice because they lack knowledge so do some of the senior staff; some people are not capable (or find it extremely difficult) of learning, changing or moving on (Eraut, 2002). Clinical supervisors as all humans differ in how they present their significant attributes and may need to develop and improve their qualities. This will also provide the assistance needed in favour of experiential learning as a basis to education. Identifying and working on these key qualities should assist one in enriching ones supervisees learning environment. Then again the supervisee may also pick up the mal-practices of the supervisor, leaving one with the dilemma of who should be providing clinical supervision? Who can provide Deweys belief in of education through experience? 3. Expertise and Evidence Based Practice Nurses clinical expertise is presumed to be an important factor related to quality of care in the clinical practice. Expert practitioners are seen as fundamental in the process of the training and the professional development of supervisees in addition to the efficient everyday functioning of a clinical area. Therefore it is necessary to articulate what are the particular prerequisites of ones area of practice in order to provide beneficial experiential learning opportunities to ones supervisees. Through expert practice the experts share experience, knowledge and skills in the course of teaching and mentoring not only students and colleagues but also patients and their families; which are or should be an everyday practice to clinical supervisors, and therefore contributing to offering an expert practice and better service to meet the patients needs. Excellence in health care is vital, as excellence applies to continuing learning and research that will augment and further develop nurses in their profession and give a boost to the nursing practices (Castell, 2008). Nowadays lifelong learning and research in nursing practices are acknowledged as prerequisites in order to maintain and move forward nursing competence (Avis Freshwater, 2006; Westberg Jason, 2000). Therefore even if experiential learning is an important basis of learning in practice and is the how, what, why and when all gathered together there still remains the prerequisite of up to date evidence based knowledge/practice. Avis and Freshwater (2006) state that Evidenced based practice EBP is perceived as a significant concept in competent professional nursing practice and is measured by ones ability to integrate EBP in the care on is to provide. EBP is acknowledged as an indispensable factor of nursing competence. But is EBP giving too much importance to scientific evidence and thus underrating the role of individual nursing expertise and its clinical judgement (Hardy, Garbett, Titchen Manley 2002)? Supervisees need clinical supervisors with the apt level knowledge, skills and training not only in their practice but also in their teaching/learning approach and environment in order to enhance and smooth the supervisees individual progress and education. 4. The learning environment learner centeredness Another aspect literature has shown is that clinical supervisors should move on to the importance of providing a learner approach rather than the more customarily utilised teaching approach. Through a learner centred approach one will in addition need to inspire a sense of curiosity that will drive the supervisee to absorb everything s/he can see or hear or read about nursing in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of his/her eventual competent practice. This will necessitate the supervisor to have the supervisees needs at the hub of the activities being performed not an easy task within clinical areas and their always increasing workloads and the time factors of a clinical environment (Waldock 2010). Learners obtain knowledge from experience which they then incorporate into their own system of concepts; and thus the reason why one should emphasise on the importance of the supervisees active share in learning. Supervisees in order to learn from their experiences have the responsibility to discover their own clinical educational needs through their personal agency and find ways how they may retrieve these clinical needs; which may be through their supervisors or others in the clinical area that may provide assistance (Eraut 2008). One must provide a meaningful experience for the supervisee which ends product will be what the supervisee will perceive to be relevant to their learning needs (Wlodowski 1999). Learning centeredness is seen as being beneficial to the supervisee as it will also provide opportunities that may not be encountered during formal teaching environments (McKimm and Jolie 2003). Therefore emphasizing on the notion that experiential can offer the basis to education especially if one notes that basically everything that happens in the clinical area; be it at a clients bedside, in a clinic, ward or operating theatre and the likes, can provide a learning opportunity. The supervisor must however focus on the supervisees learning needs and by working together, given that this is a two-way interaction, s/he will gain the knowledge and abilities required and therefore enhance his/her knowledge. As a consequence this may provide experience as a basis to education. Providing a learning centeredness environment can provide the opportunity for the supervisee to work in conjunction with their supervisor and at the same time presenting the opportunity for the supervisee to not only be involved in the activities but also to learn new skills, techniques, perceptions, to acknowledge the variety of knowledge and expertise others behold and to even witness tacit knowledge. 4.1 Tacit knowledge Observing provides the opportunity to understand quicker and therefore requiring briefer explaining. Another benefit of this attitude of learning through observation and discussion is that it can demonstrate the tacit knowledge a supervisor holds on everyday and intuitive and instinctive decisions that are difficult to explain (Eraut 2009). Epstein Hundert (2002) recognise tactical knowledge as intuition and pattern recognition they continue to add that intuition plays a part in acquiring competent practice. Epstein et als study in addition revealed that doctors now believe that their competence is reliant also on tactical knowledge a fact that nurses have valued for a long time and believe that competence is not only based on explicit knowledge but also tactical knowledge. Certain skills cannot be disseminated by formal teaching alone. Skills are as a result defined in terms of knowing how to do things, an example being Polanyis (1958) Balance Principle which could apply to nursing skills where the novice will watch and then practice. Hence the importance of learning methods 4.2 Learning methods Providing the right learning method is so complex. From the literature one notices that there is no perfect recipe to learning theories. A clinical supervisor teaching supervisees in the clinical setting has a major impact on those supervisees outcome performance. The supervisors methods may have the influence to enhance and facilitate the supervisees learning and accommodate new learning in clinical practice or else to curb the supervisees ability to apply knowledge and skills. Frankel (2009) points out that the premise to clinical learning methods may be ineffective if they are not tailored to the supervisees learning style and continues to highlight that learning methods vary to the individual and thus the importance in providing the most fitting for that individual to learn appropriately. Everyone has some particular favoured method of collaborating with and processing knowledge. This is one of the reasons why one may agree to Eraut (2002) argument that one should not concentrate on which learning theory is right or wrong but on the contrary one should give importance on how to obtain maximum benefit during the learning process. One could add the maximum benefit in order to provide from competent practitioners. The supervisees may be at different levels in their course or novices to certain areas of their workplace and thus learning from experience should not be presented or provided as a one size fits all situation (Quinn 2007). When providing experiential learning as a basis to clinical learning the clinical supervisor has to take into consideration the supervisees previously gained skills and knowledge and also the expectations they may have brought along. As it has been observed there is no strict recipe to stick to in order to produce a right teaching/learning strategy. Together with theoretical education and once one has found a suitable environment, the right strategy for both the supervisee and one that the competent supervisor is apt at carrying out, what is left is both the supervisees and supervisors self motivation to learning, their sense of curiosity and inquisitive minds, willingness to not only knowing more but also to change (Khomeiran, Yekta, Kiger, Ahmadi 2006). 5. Competence It is indispensable that clinical supervisors employ well-established clinical skills and a high standard of competent nursing practice that will sustain effective facilitation of student learning (Gaberson Oerman, 2007). Rutkowski (2007, p.37) describes assessing competency as complicated and being based on direct observations as well as entailing ones opinion of values, which are subjective and hold personal beliefs which may vary from one to another. For experience to be the basis of education one must understand what competency really is and what it signifies. When one thinks of all the controversies on competence one may find it complex to agree that experience alone can provide competent practitioners. Conclusion Although experiential learning may definitely have its importance in providing a basis for education one comes to the conclusion that so do theoretical learning and personal traits of both the supervisor and supervisee. These are indispensable factors to learning in addition to motivation, curiosity, an inquisitive mind and the drive to keep on learning. To know and not to act is not to know. Experiential learning is both transformational and transmissional; it provides changes in ones attitude and behaviour and should not be seen as only as the shift of ideas or knowledge. The practical and academic sides of the supervisor and supervisee are both important. The academic side provides knowledge, broadens ones horizons and tests ones manner of thinking. Experiential and academic learning compliment each other thus the skills gained from both learning styles should bring into being a safe, competent and knowledgeable practitioner and all this may assist Deweys belief of experiential learning being the basis of education.

Effects of Having a Schizophrenic Family Member Essay

A. What is Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a complex brain disorder that makes it hard for people affected to think clearly, have normal emotional responses, act normally in social situations and tell the difference between what is real and what is not. It makes people withdraw from the outside world and always act out in fear. People suffering from schizophrenia may see or hear things that don’t exist, speak in strange ways, think that people are trying to harm them, and always feel as if they are being watched. They have difficulty in doing activities of daily life. This disease is caused either by one’s genetic make-up or abnormal brain structure. But the environment can be a cause too, as for the environmental factors, more and more research is pointing to stress. Like any other disease, schizophrenia has its own symptoms like strange ways of speaking, inability to express emotion and irrational statements. It is in these symptoms that we can detect persons with schizophrenia. And it is important that we diagnose them for medical treatment for schizophrenia may lead to violent behavior. B. Statement of the Problem People with schizophrenia don’t relate with people well and therefore makes it hard for the people who care for them to maintain a healthy relationship with them, the people they are related to, for example. For Schizophrenic people, it is hard to hold a stable job or even care for themselves. This makes them dependent on others and who else is best to care for them than their own family. However, schizophrenia sometimes results to violent behavior due to their inability to think clearly and belief that people are always trying to harm them. That is why many of their family members don’t know how to deal with them and this causes stress within the family. C. Thesis Statement Effects of Having a Schizophrenic Family Member D. Significance of the Study Schizophrenia is not a rare condition. The lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia is widely accepted to be 1 in a 100. It therefore affects thousands of families. The love and support of a family is vital in treating Schizophrenia but it is difficult to cope with its symptoms. A family member deals with extreme reactions, deterioration from personal hygiene, inability to concentrate and social withdrawal. It is seen that families only put up with the patients for a short period of time because of their frustration in what seems to be lack of progress in treatments. In their inability to understand a person with schizophrenia, a family’s emotional support may wane and some even cut off all contact with their schizophrenic son, daughter, or sibling.

The Importance Of Military Readiness And Frequent...

Introduction Military families are often subjected to increased stress with the demands of military readiness and frequent deployments as well as living at or even below the poverty level. (Shewmaker, Shewmaker 2014). I was part of that military family many years ago and, while I was pregnant with my fourth child, was told to apply for WIC, a federally funded program for Women, Infants, and Children. At each doctor visit, I was asked if I had submitted my application and my reply was always, â€Å"I will.† Finally, towards the end of my pregnancy, I was asked why I had not finished the proper paperwork; I blurted out, â€Å"But isn’t that for poor people?† The nurse took my hand and said, â€Å"Honey, I hate to break it to you, but you are poor!† I was shocked but went downstairs and finished my application anyway. Okay, so it was a rude awakening to discover we were poor, and we often had to deal with the stresses of deployment, but I never experienc ed violence. Nevertheless, that does not mean that it did not happen in the military because domestic violence is of continuing concern in the military (Newby, McCarroll, Thayer, Norwood, Fullerton, Ursano. 2000). Anyone can be affected by Intimate Partner Violence or IPV, which is a serious, preventable public health problem that affects millions of Americans. IPV describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse; the reasons for IPV are as different as the people who inflict or receive suchShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagessave money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced

Biography of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995) was one of the giants of modern astronomy and astrophysics in the 20th Century. His work connected the study of physics to the structure and evolution of stars and helped astronomers understand how stars live and die. Without his forward-thinking research, astronomers might have labored far longer to comprehend the basic nature of stellar processes that govern how all stars radiate heat to space, age, and how the most massive ones ultimately die. Chandra, as he was known, was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theories that explain the structure and evolution of stars. The orbiting Chandra X-Ray Observatory is also named in his honor. Early Life Chandra was born in Lahore, India on October 19th, 1910. At the time, India was still part of the British Empire. His father was a government service officer and his mother raised the family and spent much time translating literature into the Tamil language. Chandra was the third oldest of ten children and was educated at home until the age of twelve. After attending high school in Madras (where the family moved), he attended Presidency College, where he received his bachelors degree in physics. His honors standing afforded him a scholarship for graduate school to Cambridge in England, where he studied under such luminaries as P.A.M. Dirac. He also studied physics in Copenhagen during his graduate career. Chandrasekhar was awarded a Ph.D. from Cambridge in 1933 and was elected to a fellowship at Trinity College, working under astronomers Sir Arthur Eddington and E.A. Milne.   Development of Stellar Theory Chandra developed much of his early idea about stellar theory while he was on his way to begin graduate school. He was fascinated with mathematics as well as physics, and immediately saw a way to model some important stellar characteristics using math. At the age of 19, onboard a sailing ship from India to England, he began thinking about what would happen if ​Einsteins theory of relativity could be applied to explain the processes at work inside stars and how they affect their evolution. He worked out calculations that showed how a star much more massive than the Sun would not simply burn up its fuel and cool, as astronomers of the time assumed. Instead, he used to physics to show that a very massive stellar object would actually collapse to a tiny dense point—the singularity of a black hole. In addition, he worked out whats called the Chandrasekhar Limit, which says that a star with a mass 1.4 times that of the Sun will almost certainly end its life in a supernova exp losion. Stars many times this mass will collapse at the ends of their lives to form black holes. Anything less than that limit will stay a white dwarf forever. An Unexpected Rejection Chandras work was the first mathematical demonstration that such objects as black holes could form and exist and the first to explain how mass limits affected stellar structures. By all accounts, this was an amazing piece of mathematical and scientific detective work. However, when Chandra arrived at Cambridge, his ideas were soundly rejected by Eddington and others. Some have suggested that endemic racism played a role in the way Chandra was treated by the better-known and apparently egotistical older man, who had somewhat contradictory ideas about the structure of stars. It took many years before Chandras theoretical work was accepted, and he actually had to leave England for the more accepting intellectual climate of the United States. Several times after that, he mentioned the overt racism he faced as a motivation for moving forward in a new country where his research could be accepted regardless of his skin color. Eventually, Eddington and Chandra parted cordially, despite the o lder mans previous disdainful treatment. Chandras Life in America Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar arrived in the U.S. at the invitation of the University of Chicago and took up a research and teaching post there that he held for the rest of his life. He plunged into studies of a subject called radiative transfer, which explains how radiation moves through matter such as the layers of a star such as the Sun). He then worked on extending his work on massive stars. Nearly forty years after he first proposed his ideas about white dwarfs (the massive remains of collapsed stars) black holes and the Chandrasekhar Limit, his work was finally widely accepted by astronomers. He went on to win the Dannie Heineman prize for his work in 1974, followed by the Nobel Prize in 1983. Chandras Contributions to Astronomy Upon his arrival in the United States in 1937, Chandra worked at the nearby Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin. He eventually joined NASAs Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research (LASR) at the University, where he mentored a number of graduate students. He also pursued his research into such varied areas as stellar evolution, followed by a deep dive into stellar dynamics, ideas about Brownian motion (the random motion of particles in a fluid), radiative transfer (the transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation), quantum theory, all the way to studies of black holes and gravitational waves late in his career. During World War II, Chandra worked for the Ballistic Research Laboratory in Maryland, where he was also invited to join the Manhattan Project by Robert Oppenheimer. His security clearance took too long to process, and he was never involved with that work. Later in his career, Chandra edited one of the most prestigious journals in astronomy, the Astrophysical Journal. He never worked at another university, preferring to stay at the University of Chicago, where he was Morton D. Hull Distinguished Professor in astronomy and astrophysics. He retained emeritus status in 1985 after his retirement. He also created a translation of Sir Isaac Newtons book Principia that he hoped would appeal to regular readers. The work, Newtons Principia for the Common Reader,  was published just before his death.   Personal Life Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was married to Lalitha Doraiswamy in 1936. The couple met during their undergraduate years in Madras. He was the nephew of the great Indian physicist C.V. Raman (who developed the theories of light scattering in a medium that carry his name). After emigrating to the United States, Chandra and his wife became citizens in 1953. Chandra wasnt just a world leader in astronomy and astrophysics; he was also devoted to literature and the arts. In particular, he was an ardent student of western classical music. He often lectured on the relationship between the arts and the sciences and in 1987, compiled his lectures into a book called Truth and Beauty: the Aesthetics and Motivations in Science,  focused on the confluence of the two topics. Chandra died in 1995 in Chicago after suffering a heart attack. Upon his death, he was saluted by astronomers around the world, all of whom have used his work to further their understanding of the mechanics and evolution of stars in the universe. Accolades Over the course of his career, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won many awards for his advancements in astronomy. In addition to those mentioned, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1944, was given the Bruce Medal in 1952, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Henry Draper Medal of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and the Humboldt Prize. His Nobel Prize winnings were donated by his late widow to the University of Chicago to create a fellowship in his name.